Cosmology & System 3
Abstract:
System 3 requires that the universe is hierarchically discontinuous with cyclical motions introducing space
frame skipping that must be accounted for on galactic, solar and planetary scales. On a galactic scale gravity
holds stellar populations in orbit around their black hole centers but this centripetal acceleration introduces the
skipping of external linear space frames. On a solar scale this external space-time contraction is compensated
for by fusion processes in stellar centers that contract the inner spherical space of atoms. A balance is
required between these two phenomena in order to preserve a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe
at large. This results in quantum forces that propel young hydrogen rich stars radially outward in the galactic
disc while drawing old stars rich in heavy elements and neutrons back toward an accretion disc where they are
eventually regenerated into primary hydrogen and periodically ejected from the black hole center as fresh
feedstock for new generations of stars. Direct calculations show that galaxies are cells eternally regenerating
their stellar populations in this way. Quantum forces, including gravity, are not transmitted externally through
space-time. They operate frame sequence by frame sequence through the agency of the orthogonal Void that
integrates history to maintain a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole. Space and time are
quantized by the discontinuous projection of atomic matter. They are implicitly defined a posteriori to creation
by processes at the atomic level. There is no a priori spacetime continuum that predetermines a beginning or
end to the universe. There are alternate explanations for the red shift and background radiation that offer
explanations for other mysterious phenomena.
A General Review:
There are hierarchies implicit in the way System 3 works that are evident in phenomena on a cosmic galactic
scale, a solar scale and a planetary scale. On a galactic scale different galaxies revolve with respect to one
another. This necessarily introduces space frame skipping at their centers with respect to their peripheries.
The orbital path of stellar populations curve accordingly since gravitational acceleration toward the center
involves the skipping of external linear space frames relative to the spherical inner space associated with the
gravitational mass of each atom that makes up each star. Except at the limit of external space frame
contraction near black holes at galactic centers, the inner space frames associated with the synchronous
projection of atomic mass are not skipped. They compensate for external space-time contraction at the galactic
level by contracting internal space through fusion processes in the centers of stars at the solar level.
Gravity is implicit in the primary projection of space-time. The spherical inner space of atomic matter has an
orthogonal relationship to linear external space in each space frame. This relationship defines space in each
space frame. Both inner and outer space are united as one in each conjugate quantum frame that is
orthogonal to each space frame. These quanta of spatially indeterminate energy are collectively unified for all
atoms as a boundless and timeless energy field called the Void.
Together, space frames and timeless quantum frames define increments of space and time with each
synchronous recurrence of space frames from the timeless Void. Space and time are quantized accordingly.
They are discontinuous. (1)
The boundless unity of the quantum equivalent of all matter as energy is expressed externally on the space
frame side of each conjugate sequence by the gravitational contraction of external space, frame by frame,
bringing matter together. The unity of the quantum Void seeks conjugate reconciliation with separate atoms on
the space frame side because atomic matter is both one and many at the same time. (Keep in mind that the
timeless Void is orthogonal to each space frame.) Since this occurs at the atomic level with the primary
projection of atomic matter, gravitational acceleration is distinct from gravitational mass. As Galileo showed,
different masses fall at the same rate of acceleration. They are invested with inertial acceleration that is
identical to their gravitational acceleration.
On the face of it this seems to require that inertial and gravitational mass are identical. This led Einstein to
postulate that gravitational forces could be the result of the inertial effects of acceleration associated with the
curvature of a hypothetical spacetime continuum. Consequently the equivalence principle between gravity and
acceleration became a foundation stone of general relativity. In the discontinuous universe defined by System
3 a different interpretation necessarily results, since space and time are quantized and not continuous.
Black Holes and Space Frame Skipping:
There is evidence that black holes are a common feature of galactic centers. For this to be so it requires a
skipping of external space-frames across the radius of the galaxy to the limit defined by the primary interval of
time at the galactic center, where space and time are skipped completely at the event horizon of a black hole.
This space-time profile of the galaxy is defined by the continual gravitational contraction of external space
frames associated with the angular velocity of the galaxy’s stellar population. This is evidenced by the relatively
constant angular velocity of star systems around the galactic center. Their period is a function of their distance
from the galactic center but not their velocity. Stars migrate along and through the spiral arms because their
gravitational mass is distinct from their inertial velocity as evidenced by Foucault’s pendulum and Mach’s
principle.
The centers of galaxies play the role of universal observer since they provide a universal state of relative rest,
consistent with a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole. Galaxies may migrate with respect
to one another but relative migration rates are linked to their relative angular velocities, which are linked
hierarchically to rates of stellar formation, rotation, migration and lifespan.
The expansion of an assumed spacetime continuum is believed to account for the progressively higher red
shifts of more distant galaxies. These increased recession rates with increasing distance that are claimed by
the Big Bang hypothesis are not possible in a discontinuous universe. Galactic migration rates are constrained
by synchronous quantum forces that regulate their relative angular momentum and stellar dynamics. Galactic
migration rates must be compensated for in this way to maintain a preponderance of synchronicity on a cosmic
scale. There are alternate explanations for the red shift and background radiation in a discontinuous universe
that shall be explored later.
De Broglie Revisited:
As was shown in the derivation of de Broglie’s wave equation the relative skipping of space frames occurs in
the stationary reference frame of the observer with respect to the moving particle. In de Broglie’s case the
wave length of the particle is determined by its quantum jumps in position relative to the skipped frames in the
observer’s frame of reference with a corresponding increase in conjugate quantum frames that accounts for
the particle’s apparent increase in relativistic mass.
His final wave equation states that the relativistic momentum of the particle p is inversely proportional to its
apparent wavelength λ. Since the wavelength is synonymous to skipped external space frames with respect to
the observer’s stationary apparatus, the product of the momentum of the particle and the wavelength is equal
to Planck’s constant h. The external wavelength compensates for skipped atomic space frames in the
stationary reference frame because the accumulated particle quantum frames increase the relativistic mass in
direct proportion. This can be seen by examining the equation again.
p= rest mass times velocity / square root of 1 – ( v/c)^2 = h/λ
De Broglie essentially performed a second order historic integration by equating the Lorentz transformation
formula for the internal frequency of the particle to the inverse transformation formula for the external phase of
its wave motion. In other words his derivation included the primary projection of matter which he equated with
the internal frequency of both the particle and the observer’s reference frame. This is implicit in his stationary
coordinate system.
The transformation formula for a clock represents the relative skipping of inner atomic space frames. They are
skipped in the particle relative to the observer with a corresponding increase in its conjugate quantum energy
frames associated with its relativistic mass according to E=mc^2.
The transformation formula for a wave represents the relative skipping of linear external space frames defined
by the linear transmission of light. They are skipped in the observer’s stationary reference frame relative to the
moving particle accounting for the particle’s quantum jumps in position. The observer and particle remain
synchronous but a portion of the observer’s space frames are skipped amidst those frames that remain
synchronous such that the particle’s motion is characterized by relative synchronous jumps. The one
transformation formula is thus the reciprocal of the other.
This can be seen by referring to the historic coordinates in the article on Gravity and Quantum Relativity. The
upper left quadrant of the relative box illustrates that it is the particle’s space frames that are skipped relative to
the observer with a corresponding increase in conjugate quantum frames. This accumulated quantized energy
manifests as an increase in relativistic mass according to the Lorentz transformation for mass. But since the
observer and particle continue to have synchronous frames with some skipping amidst them, it is the observer’
s external space frames that are skipped relative to the moving particle. The skipped external observer frames
in the observer’s frame of reference are the wavelength of the particle. They are the particle’s quantum jumps
in external position.
In the derivation de Broglie equated the transformation formulae for the external phase of the wave to the
transformation formula for the internal frequency synonymous with the synchronous projection of all atomic
matter. These two formulae derive from the historic coordinates in the first place but in a reciprocal way. One
formula sees the particle from the outside making quantum jumps as a wave motion relative to its environment.
The other formula relates to the internal discrepancy in skipped inner space frames associated with the
projection of all atomic matter.
To make this distinction externally explicit de Broglie added a negative term to the wave transformation formula
to account for the external displacement of the particle along the x axis. He divided the differential of this
displacement dx=vdt by the wavelength of the particle, λ. He equated this compound expression for the external
relativistic wave to the internal transformation formula for a clock. Otherwise equating the two transformation
formulae result in the expression v^2/c^2=0, because the relative velocity is already accounted for in both
transformation formulae. The net result is zero velocity.
It may help to say this in another way. By introducing this displacement term de Broglie effectively reintroduces
the relative external displacement of the particle with respect to the stationary observer, space frame by space
frame. He places both transformation formulae in the external environment of the stationary coordinate system.
Since the term is negative it indicates that the relative skipping is in the stationary observer space frames. This
manifests as particle quantum jumps in position that are interpreted as wavelength.
Frame Skipping on a Galactic Level:
On a galactic level the situation is not the same. De Broglie’s wave equation was derived with respect to sub-
atomic particles and a stationary coordinate system. It fits nicely with the wave resonance of electron orbital
motions about an atomic nucleus, but the whole atom is a synchronous oscillation between space frames and
conjugate quantum frames, consistent with the internal frequency of his “little clock in motion.” His wave
equation can not be applied to the relative motion of macroscopic objects because the wavelengths of the
atomic particles are too small with respect to the size of large objects such as cars and airplanes. There are
parallels on a galactic scale however.
On a galactic scale the gravitational acceleration of stars toward a galactic center relates to their synchronous
gravitational mass. The external space frames are skipped frame by frame to curve the external integrated
fabric of space-time for the galaxy as a whole with respect to the galactic center which harbors a black hole or
event horizon. This center is associated with the synchronous projection of primary hydrogen on a cosmic
scale since this is the only available datum of relative rest.
Likewise the space frames of rotating stars revolving around galactic centers are contracted by gravitational
acceleration of their mass towards their stellar centers. This must find self consistency with the preponderance
of synchronicity in the universe as a whole. The external and internal contraction of space-time must find
mutual balance, much as it does in de Broglie’s waves.
This links stellar centers in a tensional way with galactic centers. But the focus changes to the contraction of
the inner space of atoms through fusion processes at their stellar centers with respect to their rotating
peripheries. The resulting contraction of inner space in the centers of stars seeks a balance with the
contraction of external space due to the angular velocity of the galactic stellar population. This means in effect
that the fusion processes in stars are driven by angular momentum.
This is analogous to de Broglie’s derivation where internal space-time contraction must balance external space-
time contraction. De Broglie waves contract inner space-time by the relative skipping of particle space frames
which increases their relativistic momentum. This is balanced by the relative skipping of the observer’s
stationary external space frames associated with the particle’s quantum jumps in position that are identified as
particle wavelength.
On a galactic scale the internal space-time contraction is accomplished by fusion processes in stars and
further accommodated by quantum forces implicit in the universal projection of matter. Fusion processes in
stellar centers can not reach an instantaneous balance with external space-time contraction associated with
their angular velocity. The balance takes a lot of time. The surplus imbalance manifests as quantum forces
implicit in the projection of gravitational mass. These quantum forces can regulate the rotational and migratory
patterns of star systems within galaxies that in turn have different dynamical patterns and orientations with
respect to one another. The quantum forces are not transmitted through space-time. Like gravity they are
implicit in the synchronous projection of matter space-frame by space-frame from the timeless conjugate Void.
They derive from the implicit requirement for a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole.
These considerations lead to a different methodology from traditional approaches to cosmological,
astrophysical, and planetary evolution. It is a new methodology that complements empirical physics. The
structural dynamics of the System must find confirmation in phenomenal experience in the private as well as the
public domain. It provides an integrating context that necessarily constrains the many current interpretations of
the evidence while exploring all possible varieties of phenomena. Some salient points are summarized below:
1) Cosmic Space and Time Defined:
a) Space and time are universally defined at a cosmic level by the synchronous projection of primary
hydrogen atoms. External linear space is defined relative to the maximum internal spherical space of each
hydrogen atom in each space frame in each primary interval of time. Neutral hydrogen is the largest atom in
spherical volume.
b) The Primary Interval of Time is defined by zero angular momentum in the first hydrogen orbit. It is Tp=1.
519x10^-16 seconds. This is the duration of each space frame in classical units of time
c) The radius of the first orbit is the Bohr radius 5.29x10^-11 meters. The radius of the largest fully
coherent atom is defined by the orthogonal speed of light around the circumference in a primary interval of
time. It is the 12th hydrogen orbit. This is essential for the atom to be fully coherent and in communication with
itself. It is n^2 times the radius of the first orbit or 144x5.29x10^-11 = 7.62x10^-9 meters.
d) A primary interval of external space Sp is defined by the linear distance light can travel externally with
respect to each coherent atom in a primary interval of time. It is Sp=cTp = 2.998x10^8x1.519x10^-16 = 4.554
x10^-8 meters. Both space and time are quantized in this way. There is no other universal measuring rod out
there in space.
2) Galactic Level:
a) The collective stellar populations of each galaxy are in mutual angular motions with respect to all other
galaxies. The stellar populations of each spiral galaxy tend to revolve at a constant speed about a common
center. The stellar populations of elliptical galaxies tend to move in mutually consistent elliptical patterns about
a common center.
b) The tangential inertial momentum of stellar populations in each galaxy is offset by gravitational attraction
toward the center resulting in their angular motions about the center. The relative angular motions of galaxies
prevent their collective gravitational collapse in much the same way that a spinning top does not fall over.
Inertial momentum is distinct from gravitational acceleration consistent with Mach’s principle. This is
demonstrated by Foucault’s pendulum, the gyro compass and similar phenomena.
c) Gravitational attraction is implicit in the primary projection of atoms because the conjugate quantum
frames of each atom are integrated as one in the Void while each atom is separate in each space frame in the
same primary interval of time. Matter is unified as One and is also separate as Many at the same time. This
ambiguity between one and many seeks resolution through gravitational attraction frame sequence by frame
sequence. Gravity is not a force transmitted through space and time.
d) Gravitational acceleration toward the galactic center involves the skipping of external space frames at
the center with respect to the galactic periphery. It does not involve the skipping of internal atomic space
frames from which gravitational mass derives except at the limit of external space-time contraction near the
black hole center of each galaxy. Atoms remain preponderantly synchronous with the primary projection of
hydrogen on a cosmic scale. Their angular velocities are relatively constant with respect to the galactic center,
except in the accretion disc near the galactic center.
e) The relative skipping of external space frames at various galactic radii with respect to the center curves
the integrated fabric of external space-time. This gives each galaxy its own characteristic space-time profile.
Galaxies with higher rates of revolution have higher relative rates of stellar evolution and larger and more
active black holes at their centers. They have steeper external space-time profiles.
f) The relative linear migration of galaxies with respect to one another is constrained by the need for a
preponderance of synchronicity at a cosmic level. Higher relative migrations require higher angular motions
and steeper space-time curvature profiles.
g) The relative angular momentum of galaxies tends to prevent them from merging due to mutual
gravitational attraction depending upon how they are mutually aligned and their relative size. Their relative
patterns of migration are regulated according to their mutual alignment and their relative rates of angular
momentum. High relative momentum results in more active galactic nuclei.
h) When relative rates of stellar formation, migration and regeneration are not sufficient to compensate for
high relative rates of galactic rotation active galactic nuclei result with the axial ejection of material from their
black hole centers. The space-time curvature profile becomes too high to preserve preponderant synchronicity
on a cosmic level. The associated accumulation of conjugate quantum energy associated with the black hole in
these active galactic nuclei can be relieved through axial ejections of matter at very high relative velocities far
into space. This can act as a brake on the angular velocity of a galaxy to bring it back into line with
preponderant synchronicity.
3) Solar Level:
a) The curvature of the galactic space-time profile can be likened to the relatively flat shape of a vortex
until the space-time curvature becomes very steep near the center until it becomes a black hole in the
integrated fabric of space-time. The black hole consumes old dense stars and accumulates a corresponding
amount of quantized energy with gravitational effects. This can be periodically relieved by radial ejections of
primary hydrogen that provide feedstock for new generations of stars. It is the highly contracted space-time
profile near the center of a spiral galaxy that impels primary hydrogen radially outward into the spiral arms. The
more highly contracted space-time profile closer to the center is also instrumental in the contraction of giant
hydrogen clouds into patterns of stellar accretion.
b) The curved space-time profile of the integrated fabric of space-time is defined by the linear transmission
of light from the atomic processes within stars that revolve around galactic centers.
c) Ejections of primary hydrogen from galactic centers are periodic over many millions of years and are
attended by episodes of starburst activity. (2) Many starburst galaxies are observed with star formation rates
that can be hundreds of stars per year, in some cases enough to regenerate their stellar populations in a
billion years or less if the rate was sustained.
d) Solar systems accrete under the contraction pressures exerted by the space-time curvature profile of
the galaxy associated with gravity. The process is initiated by the galactic profile until gravitational contraction
of each stellar system takes on a life of its own. Thermonuclear ignition takes place in the central star when the
temperatures and gravitational contraction pressures at the solar center exceed critical limits. Hydrogen fusion
begins. If it is a second generation star there may be appreciable amounts of helium and small amounts of
heavier elements present.
e) Fusion processes in the centre of the star continue to be driven by gravitational contraction pressures
linked to but distinct from the rotational velocity of the star. Each star has a characteristic space-time
contraction profile that is distinct from the profile for the galaxy.
f) Gravity holds the star together, keeping it from flying apart due to its inertial angular momentum. Its
rotational inertial velocity necessarily results in space-frame skipping at the center of the star with respect to its
peripheral regions. This space-frame skipping must be accounted for to maintain the synchronicity of
gravitational mass on a cosmic level. This is compensated for by the nuclear fusion processes that contract
space-time at stellar centers.
g) Space frame skipping can also be translated into a force of retardation at the center with respect to the
periphery and the peripheral planets. If the combined effects of fusion processes and the quantum force of
retardation can not keep pace with a preponderance of synchronicity, rapidly rotating stars can eject matter
axially from their poles in an analogous manner to active galactic nuclei. This mechanism drives pulsars.
h) Space frame skipping at the stellar level represents an ongoing contraction pressure just as the angular
velocity of a galaxy maintains a relatively constant space-time curvature profile. The star system contraction of
internal space-time seeks a balance with the galactic external space-time curvature according to its relative
position and distance from the galactic center. The space-time profile of the galaxy will tend to regulate stellar
migration by quantum forces accordingly. The quantum forces are implicit in the synchronous projection of
matter, space frame by space frame. They do not act through space-time.
i) Fusion processes at stellar centers generate energy sufficient to strip most electrons leaving ionized
atoms of significantly contracted effective volumes. A higher degree of atomic packing can occur as a result.
This is resisted by radiation pressure and the associated energies of free electrons.
j) Neutrons generated by fusion processes provide a high degree of spatial contraction with a
corresponding high degree of nucleon packing. The neutron contraction ratio is more than 15 orders of
magnitude. Neutrons are a regenerative mode of a second order System 3 that complements the expressive
mode in fusion processes.
k) A portion of highly energized electrons and protons escape the sun in the solar wind that bathes the
planets out to the heliopause where the solar magnetosphere meets the interstellar medium.
4) Planetary Level:
a) The solar system as a whole has a space-time profile that is subsumed within the space-time profile of
the galaxy. The planets all revolve around the sun in the same direction and in roughly the same equatorial
plane. They are held in their orbits by gravitational acceleration toward the sun. This contracts external space-
time in a similar way that it does for a galaxy, except that the contraction relates to the sun at the center and
not to a black hole. This means that orbiting planets that accreted from the same swirling cloud of gas and dust
as the sun may also contribute to space-frame skipping that drives or regulates fusion processes in the sun.
b) Planets rotate on their axis and most have moons so there is a level of space-frame skipping at the
centers of planets with respect to their peripheries that defines another subsumed space-time profile at the
planetary level. This results in patterns of quantum forces in analogous ways that they regulate the migrations
of stars.
c) The focus in planets is on chemical synthesis and internal dynamical patterns that compensate for space-
frame skipping at the center with respect to the periphery. This results in dynamical surface patterns in planets
as well as in some moons that respond to internally generated quantum forces.
d) On Earth this fuels plate tectonics, ocean currents, atmospheric dynamics and it is also linked to
subsumed levels of biological evolution consistent with Systems 4 and higher.
e) There is a related effect on the Earth’s magnetosphere that reverses polarity every few hundred
thousand years.
5) Galactic Space-Time Profile:
a) There is evidence that the angular velocity of stars across most of our galactic radius is relatively
constant at about 230 kilometers per second regardless of their distance from the center. Their period of
revolution changes with distance from the center, not their velocity. This is consistent with the synchronous
projection of matter as prescribed by System 3. Stars migrate through the spiral arms that act somewhat like
traffic jam back ups.
b) In a discontinuous universe stars will necessarily have radial migrations such that they seek to balance
the contraction of external space-time with their accumulated internal contraction of space-time due to fusion
processes. Radial migration is driven frame by frame by quantum forces that derive from the need for a
preponderance of synchronicity. Space-time phenomena are synchronously coherent and appear seamless.
c) The quantum forces that determine radial migration rates and direction depend upon the accumulated
contraction ratio of the star as a whole over its lifetime of fusion processes at its center as compared to primary
hydrogen. If this internal contraction ratio has proceeded to a lesser extent than the contraction of external
space frames due to gravitational acceleration toward the galactic center then the star will tend to migrate
radially outward away from the galactic center. If the internal contraction ratio has proceeded to a greater
extent than the external contraction ratio of the galactic profile then the star will tend to migrate back inward
back toward the galactic center.
d) At some point in the life of a star a balance will be achieved between internal and external space-time
contraction. At this point the star may possess a degree of radial inertial momentum outward from the galactic
center but the quantum forces that regulates migration rate will tend to cease then reverse. This may account
for backups in the spiral arms. As fusion processes proceed further the star will eventually reverse direction
and migrate back toward the galactic center.
e) The ratio of external space frames skipped to those not skipped is a function of v/c where v is the
angular speed of the star around the galaxy and c is the speed of light. Since the angular stellar velocity is
known to be relatively constant at approximately 230 km/second, the ratio of external space frames skipped in
the galactic plane is 230/3x10^8=7.67x10^-6.
f) This requires younger stars that have accumulated a lesser contraction ratio as a result of fusion
processes to migrate radially outwards. Older stars that have accumulated a greater contraction ratio will
migrate back towards the center where relative external space frame skipping is greatest.
g) As old dense stars are drawn back to approach an accretion disc at the center the space-time profile
curves much more sharply until it reaches an event horizon. On a cosmic galactic scale this requires these
stars to accelerate without limit until they vanish from the synchronous projection of space-time. This
corresponds to a doubling of their conjugate quantum energy in the Void as indicated by the upper left hand
quadrant of the world box on historic coordinates in the article on Gravity and Quantum Relativity.
6) Solar Space-Time Profile:
a) Our sun constitutes 99% of the mass of the solar system but 98% of the angular momentum resides in
the planets. This is the opposite to what should have happened as the solar system accreted according to
traditional physics. Skaters spin faster as they pull their extended arms into their sides. The center should
rotate faster than the periphery.
b) The planets are comparatively great distances from the sun and are orbiting at higher velocities than the
rotation of the sun. Earth for example is about 149.6 million kilometers from the sun on average and has an
orbital velocity of 29.8 km/sec. This is much higher than the rotational velocity of the sun at its equator, even
though there is much less mass involved. The equator of the sun also rotates every 25 days while the poles
through its center rotate slower at about 35 days.
c) The following lists the distance from the sun in millions of kilometers, the inverse mass ratio to the solar
mass and the orbital velocity of each of the planets:
invest the planets with most of the angular momentum even though the sun is over a hundred times larger than
all the planets combined. Gravity holds the planets in orbit and contracts or curves the fabric of external space
in dynamic patterns accordingly. Nevertheless any effect of the planets on fusion processes in the sun’s center
is small and may be neglected for our purposes. This is a fair assumption since fusion processes are
dependent on gravitational contraction associated with solar size irrespective of orbiting planets.
e) We can assume that it is the sun revolving on its own axis that contracts space-frames associated with
fusion processes. We can also assume consistent with Mach’s principle that the inertial rotational velocity of the
sun is distinct from its gravitational mass.
f) To arrive at approximate limiting values we can assume that the velocity of the solar equator determines
the outer limit of the inner solar space-time profile.
g) The equator rotates in 25 days. The sun is about 1.4 million kilometers in diameter so the equator has
an angular velocity of 1.4x10^6 times pi / 25x24x3600= 2.03 kilometers per second approximately. This
represents a rate of space frame skipping at the center of v/c=2.03/3.0 x 10^8, or 6.77 x 10^-9. This skipping
rate is continual and thus represents a continual curvature gradient that alters only as the sun evolves over
very long periods of time.
7) Nuclear Fusion and Stellar Space-time Contraction:
a) According to current astrophysical theories fusion processes proceed in stages as hydrogen fuel is
consumed and progressively heavier elements are employed as fuel up to iron. As the star contracts in stages
it generates more heat from the gravitational contraction. This proceeds with the fused products of a prior
stage acting as fuel for each succeeding stage until the end product of fusion in a star like our sun is iron. The
star then shrinks to a white dwarf and cools over time to a dense inactive black dwarf. Stars that are more than
a few times larger than our sun go through their life cycles faster and end in a supernova that produces the
heavier elements up to uranium. They leave a super-dense neutron star or in some cases perhaps a black
hole at their center.
b) The space-time contraction can be computed at various stages in a star’s life according to estimated
percentages of various elements. To make it easy and still demonstrate a principle the contraction ratios of
only six typical elements in the fusion stages will be considered, namely Helium 4He, Carbon 12C, Neon 20Ne,
Magnesium 24Mg, Sulfur 32S, and Iron 56Fe.
c) The contraction ratios can be computed as follows assuming that atoms above helium near the center of
the sun are stripped of their electrons down to the first obit. The effective volume of the atom is the volume of
the first orbit, which is proportional to the inverse of the atomic number cubed times the volume of the first orbit
of hydrogen. The atomic number is the number of electrons in a neutral atom. Dividing by the atomic weight,
taken as the number of nucleons of unit weight 1, gives the contraction density as a ratio to primary hydrogen.
Since neutrons contract space by a very large factor with respect to the primary hydrogen atom we can double
the atomic number for computing contraction ratios for these typical elements. Since we are computing the ratio
of contraction with respect to hydrogen taken as 1, the actual volume is not significant.
radius of the first hydrogen orbit is 5.3x 10^-11 meters. The volume of the first orbit is 6.24x10^-29 cubic
meters. By comparison the volume of a neutron or proton is about 7.24x10^-45 cubic meters or about 8.62
x10^15 times smaller. There is lots of room for spatial contraction.
8) Some Typical Stellar Contractions with Age:
a) By assuming different stellar compositions at successive stages in the life of a typical star like our sun
the total contraction of space-time in the star can be compared with the galactic space-time profile. This can tell
us whether there is a tendency for the star to migrate outwards toward the periphery or back inwards towards
the center.
b) Our sun is currently estimated to consist of 75% hydrogen, 23 % helium and about 2% heavier elements,
which shall be assumed to be carbon, to keep things easy.
c) Helium has a contraction ratio of 3.93x10^-3. This means that the volume of 1/3.91x10^-3 = 256
hydrogen atoms have been contracted into the effective volume of each atom of helium. Since 23 % of the sun
is helium this represents a percentage contraction ratio of 23x256= 5,888 hydrogen atom equivalents.
d) Carbon has a contraction ratio of 4.82x10^-5 or 20,750 hydrogen atom equivalents. Taking 2% of the
sun to be carbon this represents a percentage contraction ratio of 41,500 hydrogen atom equivalents.
e) This means that a total of 75+5,888+41,500 = 47,463 hydrogen atom equivalents are contracted into the
volume of 100 atoms percentage ratio. There is a gross contraction ratio in our star of 100/47,463= 2.1x10^-3.
f) Comparing this contraction ratio with that for the galaxy in point 5(e) above we see that the atomic
contraction ratio in the sun is less than that for the external space-time profile of the galaxy which is 7.67x10^-6.
This discrepancy between the internal atomic contraction of spherical space-time and the external linear
contraction of space-time in the galaxy results in a quantum force that impels the sun radially outward space
frame by space frame. It means there is a higher relative skipping of external space-frames at that point in the
galactic radius. But there is a complementary higher relative accumulation of atomic quantum frames
associated with the sun that can be translated into a quantum force that acts against the gravitational attraction
toward the black hole center.
g) We can assume a different atomic composition for a more mature star that has used up most of its
hydrogen fuel. To demonstrate a principle let us arbitrarily say that it is 20% hydrogen, 25% helium, 20%
carbon, 12% neon, 10% magnesium, 9% sulfur and 4% iron. The equivalent hydrogen atoms will be the
reciprocal contraction ratio times the percentage composition as follows:
i) The gross accumulated contraction ratio is 100/46,593,636 = 2.14x10^-6 which is more than the external
contraction of galactic space-time in 5(e) above. There is thus a resultant quantum force acting to reverse the
radial migration back toward the galactic center space frame by space frame. Although the chosen percentage
components of the star are purely arbitrary, stars achieve higher concentrations of heavier elements later in
their life cycles. The example serves to demonstrate that the gross internal contraction ratios of old stars,
especially black dwarfs and neutron stars, can easily exceed the external contraction of space-time in the
galactic space-time profile.
j) These simple calculations show that galaxies can eternally regenerate their own stellar populations in a
discontinuous universe. This process of reflux and regeneration can vary widely from galaxy to galaxy
depending on galactic type, relative orientations and angular momentum. It will be said that each galaxy has a
characteristic reflux rate that is dependent upon these factors.
The Red Shift & Distant Galactic Phenomena:
Active centers are a common feature of distant galaxies, to such an extent that theorists are hard pressed to
suggest a mechanism behind the prodigious outpouring of energy from Quasars, BL Lacs, and Seyfert
galaxies. The accumulated skipped frame sequences associated with differing reflux rates between our galaxy
and others separated by great spans of space-time offers an explanation. (3)
The history of comparative rates of galactic reflux must be reconciled with the timeless conjugate Void that
spans and integrates the history of change. The accumulated relative space frame skipping from our local
perspective of more active distant galaxies becomes contracted in our space-time frame of reference. This
happens through the agency of the Void since we remain timelessly synchronous with the distant galaxy
despite the history of change as perceived across the reaches of space and time. Comparatively high reflux
rates may in any case be expected to produce more active galactic centers, to which must be added this
conjugate observational effect over great spans of space and time.
As burned out stellar corpses are reaped at high velocity in an accretion disc around a central black hole they
ultimately disappear as their velocity approaches that of light. As demonstrated by System 3 this is not a
situation of infinite regression and another Zeno’s paradox. Events are quantized. The end result is the
complete consumption of the star beyond the event horizon of the black hole. This stellar demise is also the
regeneration of the primary activity that projects atomic hydrogen from which new generations of stars are born.
In conjunction with the reflux of its material content there is a need to reconcile the emission of energy from a
distant galaxy with the fact that the stars that radiate it are being recycled. Much of the light from a galaxy four
billion light years away was emitted by stars that have ceased to exist, being replaced by waves of new
generations since our solar system was born. Many of the stars have ceased to shine in the interim that it takes
their light to reach us, while others have been born and grown old. These space-time facts must be reconciled
with the conjugate Void that timelessly integrates the history of change.
The stellar energies transmitted are themselves phenomena in reflux, spanning the limits of space and time. A
shift toward lower frequencies and longer wavelengths signifies that the light energy itself is being refluxed
cycle by cycle, in concert with the material reflux of the galactic stellar sources from which it sprang, space
frame by space frame. It is being recycled along with the stellar source from which it came.
This explanation of red shift is consistent with the evidence of distant active galaxies. The accumulated
integration of skipped frame sequences, as this relates to the transmission of electromagnetic energy, has the
effect of concentrating the apparent energy emissions of distant active galaxies. This concentration proceeds
to the limits that accelerated reflux rates with respect to our galaxy allows. The light is at the same time red
shifted and intensified.
There is a complementary side to the reflux explanation of red shift as it relates to the source. If the galaxy is
four billion light years away, we are seeing it as it was at a time when our solar system had just consolidated.
Our planet was still being heavily bombarded by the accretion process but was cooling to the point where it
could soon support bacterial life. As the galactic images sped through the interim period the solar system
paraded around the Milky Way some twenty times, while life evolved up through the plants, the invertebrates,
and the vertebrates to man. The evolutionary process has involved the historic integration of experience
through these four successive major tiers, developing metabolism, mobility, sentient awareness and creative
intelligence, all in synchronous patterns with the whole cosmos, albeit peculiar to our local circumstance.
As we struggle toward maturity in the process we have learned to create telescopes sufficiently powerful to look
back through time and space to question our origins and our ultimate destiny. Yet each human being
incorporates the evolutionary history of the planet. We are the integration of time and space. We span space-
time and integrate history. In an evolutionary sense this eye that looks through the telescope is as old as the
image it sees. But the eye has become synchronized in a hierarchy of self-similar patterns that have evolved
over time and space in ways distinct from the history of the ancient light which spans our development.
A variety of effects may be possible due to differing reflux rates between the Milky Way and remote galaxies. If
reflux rates are comparatively high, a remote galaxy may appear to be intensely more active than it is, as noted
above. If they are comparatively low, it may appear to be dissipating and more fragmentary than it is or was. (4)
Likewise our galaxy may appear to be active or quiescent to a distant observer, depending on our comparative
reflux rates. (5)
Different patterns may be possible with elliptical, spiral, bar spiral, and irregular galaxies, and they may vary
over long periods. This interpretation of red shift offers a variety of possibilities to explore and the methodology
to scientifically explore them. The advantage of System 3 is that the evidence converges on a single
explanation. Otherwise conflicting interpretations are arbitrarily inconclusive forever.
The Background Radiation:
The discovery of the background radiation by Penzias and Wilson in 1964 has been promoted as virtual proof
of a big bang origin to the universe, a theory that until then hung precariously on the Doppler red shift of
distant galaxies as the only direct evidence. At a blackbody temperature of 3.00 K, the radiation has a
wavelength of about 0.0967 centimeters at the maximum energy density of the Planck distribution. This
corresponds to a frequency of about 3.10 x 10^11 Hz.
From the standpoint of the System we are not faced with a universe of matter unfolding from infinite density as
it expands in concert with a space-time continuum. Rather matter is in synchronous equilibrium with quantum
energy as it defines the nature of space and time through the perpetual reflux and reintegration of history. In a
synchronous universe there is a combination of factors that can contribute to the background radiation. These
factors are connected to the synchronous generation of the cosmic movie itself.
The primary interval of time is 1.519x10^-16 which corresponds to a frequency of synchronous primary
hydrogen projection of 6.58x10^15 Hz. As we have seen above, this primary projection rate of space-time
associated with the hydrogen atom becomes contracted by a hierarchy of relative motions cascading down
from the galactic level through the solar level to the planetary level, which in turn subsumes the higher Systems
associated with biological evolution. Each level has its own distinctive patterns of space-time contraction that
must be reconciled with a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole on a cosmic scale.
The contraction ratio of external space-time in the Milky Way is estimated at approximately 7.67x10^-6. The
accumulated contraction ratio due to nuclear synthesis within our sun is estimated at approximately 2.1x10^-3.
There is also a contraction ratio associated with the revolution of the earth and other planets around the sun
and a contraction ratio associated with the rotation of the earth together with the revolution of the moon. Radial
stellar migration rates due to quantum forces also come into the equation. These interdependent factors tend
to compensate for one another to maintain a preponderance of synchronicity on a cosmic scale. This suggests
that the background radiation simply represents the resultant preponderant synchronicity rate. (6)
Concluding Remarks:
Galaxies are stellar communities with populations that are born and die like any community but there is no
compelling reason to believe that any specific galaxy ever had a birth or will face an ultimate death. Galaxies
may evolve, exchange material via axial ejections, grow from scattered or fragmentary populations, migrate and
merge but there is no compelling reason to believe that this whole incredible universe ever had a birth in an
assumed spacetime continuum that expanded from virtually nothing, or that it will ever face an ultimate demise.
The Big Bang hypothesis is based on the presumption that such a thing as an a priori spacetime continuum
exists. Where then are the universal measuring rods of space and time? It is a contradiction in terms to derive
them from measurements in this physical creation to explain an origin to creation. Einstein himself questioned
the continuum basis of his own theories late in life. (7) The continuum is an unsubstantiated belief. There is no
evidence whatever that such a thing exists as an independent entity with curvatures conditioned by
concentrations of gravitational mass embedded in it.
There is only one fully consistent alternative to the a priori spacetime continuum hypothesis. The universe is
discontinuous and synchronous at the atomic level. Atoms themselves define space and time. Space and time
are a posteriori to creation. They are derived from measurements after the fact. The creative process is eternal
and in intimate communication with itself through conjugate quantum influences. These quantum effects are
operative on hierarchical levels that permeate the cosmos.
In summation, if we carefully consider all of the evidence reviewed thus far, it seems clear that the early
development and consolidation of quantum theory was very much in accord with System 3. This requires an
altogether different cosmological perspective than the one which has developed. Time and again the main
contributors to the theory came within a hair’s breadth of actually stating that the entire physical universe is
discontinuous and synchronous, including Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Born, de Broglie, Shrödinger, even
Einstein with his quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect. They all in effect made this assumption
without actually going so far as to state it in so many words. By taking that one small step we find ourselves with
the same hand of cards in a very different game.
REFERENCES AND NOTES:
System 3 requires that the universe is hierarchically discontinuous with cyclical motions introducing space
frame skipping that must be accounted for on galactic, solar and planetary scales. On a galactic scale gravity
holds stellar populations in orbit around their black hole centers but this centripetal acceleration introduces the
skipping of external linear space frames. On a solar scale this external space-time contraction is compensated
for by fusion processes in stellar centers that contract the inner spherical space of atoms. A balance is
required between these two phenomena in order to preserve a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe
at large. This results in quantum forces that propel young hydrogen rich stars radially outward in the galactic
disc while drawing old stars rich in heavy elements and neutrons back toward an accretion disc where they are
eventually regenerated into primary hydrogen and periodically ejected from the black hole center as fresh
feedstock for new generations of stars. Direct calculations show that galaxies are cells eternally regenerating
their stellar populations in this way. Quantum forces, including gravity, are not transmitted externally through
space-time. They operate frame sequence by frame sequence through the agency of the orthogonal Void that
integrates history to maintain a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole. Space and time are
quantized by the discontinuous projection of atomic matter. They are implicitly defined a posteriori to creation
by processes at the atomic level. There is no a priori spacetime continuum that predetermines a beginning or
end to the universe. There are alternate explanations for the red shift and background radiation that offer
explanations for other mysterious phenomena.
A General Review:
There are hierarchies implicit in the way System 3 works that are evident in phenomena on a cosmic galactic
scale, a solar scale and a planetary scale. On a galactic scale different galaxies revolve with respect to one
another. This necessarily introduces space frame skipping at their centers with respect to their peripheries.
The orbital path of stellar populations curve accordingly since gravitational acceleration toward the center
involves the skipping of external linear space frames relative to the spherical inner space associated with the
gravitational mass of each atom that makes up each star. Except at the limit of external space frame
contraction near black holes at galactic centers, the inner space frames associated with the synchronous
projection of atomic mass are not skipped. They compensate for external space-time contraction at the galactic
level by contracting internal space through fusion processes in the centers of stars at the solar level.
Gravity is implicit in the primary projection of space-time. The spherical inner space of atomic matter has an
orthogonal relationship to linear external space in each space frame. This relationship defines space in each
space frame. Both inner and outer space are united as one in each conjugate quantum frame that is
orthogonal to each space frame. These quanta of spatially indeterminate energy are collectively unified for all
atoms as a boundless and timeless energy field called the Void.
Together, space frames and timeless quantum frames define increments of space and time with each
synchronous recurrence of space frames from the timeless Void. Space and time are quantized accordingly.
They are discontinuous. (1)
The boundless unity of the quantum equivalent of all matter as energy is expressed externally on the space
frame side of each conjugate sequence by the gravitational contraction of external space, frame by frame,
bringing matter together. The unity of the quantum Void seeks conjugate reconciliation with separate atoms on
the space frame side because atomic matter is both one and many at the same time. (Keep in mind that the
timeless Void is orthogonal to each space frame.) Since this occurs at the atomic level with the primary
projection of atomic matter, gravitational acceleration is distinct from gravitational mass. As Galileo showed,
different masses fall at the same rate of acceleration. They are invested with inertial acceleration that is
identical to their gravitational acceleration.
On the face of it this seems to require that inertial and gravitational mass are identical. This led Einstein to
postulate that gravitational forces could be the result of the inertial effects of acceleration associated with the
curvature of a hypothetical spacetime continuum. Consequently the equivalence principle between gravity and
acceleration became a foundation stone of general relativity. In the discontinuous universe defined by System
3 a different interpretation necessarily results, since space and time are quantized and not continuous.
Black Holes and Space Frame Skipping:
There is evidence that black holes are a common feature of galactic centers. For this to be so it requires a
skipping of external space-frames across the radius of the galaxy to the limit defined by the primary interval of
time at the galactic center, where space and time are skipped completely at the event horizon of a black hole.
This space-time profile of the galaxy is defined by the continual gravitational contraction of external space
frames associated with the angular velocity of the galaxy’s stellar population. This is evidenced by the relatively
constant angular velocity of star systems around the galactic center. Their period is a function of their distance
from the galactic center but not their velocity. Stars migrate along and through the spiral arms because their
gravitational mass is distinct from their inertial velocity as evidenced by Foucault’s pendulum and Mach’s
principle.
The centers of galaxies play the role of universal observer since they provide a universal state of relative rest,
consistent with a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole. Galaxies may migrate with respect
to one another but relative migration rates are linked to their relative angular velocities, which are linked
hierarchically to rates of stellar formation, rotation, migration and lifespan.
The expansion of an assumed spacetime continuum is believed to account for the progressively higher red
shifts of more distant galaxies. These increased recession rates with increasing distance that are claimed by
the Big Bang hypothesis are not possible in a discontinuous universe. Galactic migration rates are constrained
by synchronous quantum forces that regulate their relative angular momentum and stellar dynamics. Galactic
migration rates must be compensated for in this way to maintain a preponderance of synchronicity on a cosmic
scale. There are alternate explanations for the red shift and background radiation in a discontinuous universe
that shall be explored later.
De Broglie Revisited:
As was shown in the derivation of de Broglie’s wave equation the relative skipping of space frames occurs in
the stationary reference frame of the observer with respect to the moving particle. In de Broglie’s case the
wave length of the particle is determined by its quantum jumps in position relative to the skipped frames in the
observer’s frame of reference with a corresponding increase in conjugate quantum frames that accounts for
the particle’s apparent increase in relativistic mass.
His final wave equation states that the relativistic momentum of the particle p is inversely proportional to its
apparent wavelength λ. Since the wavelength is synonymous to skipped external space frames with respect to
the observer’s stationary apparatus, the product of the momentum of the particle and the wavelength is equal
to Planck’s constant h. The external wavelength compensates for skipped atomic space frames in the
stationary reference frame because the accumulated particle quantum frames increase the relativistic mass in
direct proportion. This can be seen by examining the equation again.
p= rest mass times velocity / square root of 1 – ( v/c)^2 = h/λ
De Broglie essentially performed a second order historic integration by equating the Lorentz transformation
formula for the internal frequency of the particle to the inverse transformation formula for the external phase of
its wave motion. In other words his derivation included the primary projection of matter which he equated with
the internal frequency of both the particle and the observer’s reference frame. This is implicit in his stationary
coordinate system.
The transformation formula for a clock represents the relative skipping of inner atomic space frames. They are
skipped in the particle relative to the observer with a corresponding increase in its conjugate quantum energy
frames associated with its relativistic mass according to E=mc^2.
The transformation formula for a wave represents the relative skipping of linear external space frames defined
by the linear transmission of light. They are skipped in the observer’s stationary reference frame relative to the
moving particle accounting for the particle’s quantum jumps in position. The observer and particle remain
synchronous but a portion of the observer’s space frames are skipped amidst those frames that remain
synchronous such that the particle’s motion is characterized by relative synchronous jumps. The one
transformation formula is thus the reciprocal of the other.
This can be seen by referring to the historic coordinates in the article on Gravity and Quantum Relativity. The
upper left quadrant of the relative box illustrates that it is the particle’s space frames that are skipped relative to
the observer with a corresponding increase in conjugate quantum frames. This accumulated quantized energy
manifests as an increase in relativistic mass according to the Lorentz transformation for mass. But since the
observer and particle continue to have synchronous frames with some skipping amidst them, it is the observer’
s external space frames that are skipped relative to the moving particle. The skipped external observer frames
in the observer’s frame of reference are the wavelength of the particle. They are the particle’s quantum jumps
in external position.
In the derivation de Broglie equated the transformation formulae for the external phase of the wave to the
transformation formula for the internal frequency synonymous with the synchronous projection of all atomic
matter. These two formulae derive from the historic coordinates in the first place but in a reciprocal way. One
formula sees the particle from the outside making quantum jumps as a wave motion relative to its environment.
The other formula relates to the internal discrepancy in skipped inner space frames associated with the
projection of all atomic matter.
To make this distinction externally explicit de Broglie added a negative term to the wave transformation formula
to account for the external displacement of the particle along the x axis. He divided the differential of this
displacement dx=vdt by the wavelength of the particle, λ. He equated this compound expression for the external
relativistic wave to the internal transformation formula for a clock. Otherwise equating the two transformation
formulae result in the expression v^2/c^2=0, because the relative velocity is already accounted for in both
transformation formulae. The net result is zero velocity.
It may help to say this in another way. By introducing this displacement term de Broglie effectively reintroduces
the relative external displacement of the particle with respect to the stationary observer, space frame by space
frame. He places both transformation formulae in the external environment of the stationary coordinate system.
Since the term is negative it indicates that the relative skipping is in the stationary observer space frames. This
manifests as particle quantum jumps in position that are interpreted as wavelength.
Frame Skipping on a Galactic Level:
On a galactic level the situation is not the same. De Broglie’s wave equation was derived with respect to sub-
atomic particles and a stationary coordinate system. It fits nicely with the wave resonance of electron orbital
motions about an atomic nucleus, but the whole atom is a synchronous oscillation between space frames and
conjugate quantum frames, consistent with the internal frequency of his “little clock in motion.” His wave
equation can not be applied to the relative motion of macroscopic objects because the wavelengths of the
atomic particles are too small with respect to the size of large objects such as cars and airplanes. There are
parallels on a galactic scale however.
On a galactic scale the gravitational acceleration of stars toward a galactic center relates to their synchronous
gravitational mass. The external space frames are skipped frame by frame to curve the external integrated
fabric of space-time for the galaxy as a whole with respect to the galactic center which harbors a black hole or
event horizon. This center is associated with the synchronous projection of primary hydrogen on a cosmic
scale since this is the only available datum of relative rest.
Likewise the space frames of rotating stars revolving around galactic centers are contracted by gravitational
acceleration of their mass towards their stellar centers. This must find self consistency with the preponderance
of synchronicity in the universe as a whole. The external and internal contraction of space-time must find
mutual balance, much as it does in de Broglie’s waves.
This links stellar centers in a tensional way with galactic centers. But the focus changes to the contraction of
the inner space of atoms through fusion processes at their stellar centers with respect to their rotating
peripheries. The resulting contraction of inner space in the centers of stars seeks a balance with the
contraction of external space due to the angular velocity of the galactic stellar population. This means in effect
that the fusion processes in stars are driven by angular momentum.
This is analogous to de Broglie’s derivation where internal space-time contraction must balance external space-
time contraction. De Broglie waves contract inner space-time by the relative skipping of particle space frames
which increases their relativistic momentum. This is balanced by the relative skipping of the observer’s
stationary external space frames associated with the particle’s quantum jumps in position that are identified as
particle wavelength.
On a galactic scale the internal space-time contraction is accomplished by fusion processes in stars and
further accommodated by quantum forces implicit in the universal projection of matter. Fusion processes in
stellar centers can not reach an instantaneous balance with external space-time contraction associated with
their angular velocity. The balance takes a lot of time. The surplus imbalance manifests as quantum forces
implicit in the projection of gravitational mass. These quantum forces can regulate the rotational and migratory
patterns of star systems within galaxies that in turn have different dynamical patterns and orientations with
respect to one another. The quantum forces are not transmitted through space-time. Like gravity they are
implicit in the synchronous projection of matter space-frame by space-frame from the timeless conjugate Void.
They derive from the implicit requirement for a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole.
These considerations lead to a different methodology from traditional approaches to cosmological,
astrophysical, and planetary evolution. It is a new methodology that complements empirical physics. The
structural dynamics of the System must find confirmation in phenomenal experience in the private as well as the
public domain. It provides an integrating context that necessarily constrains the many current interpretations of
the evidence while exploring all possible varieties of phenomena. Some salient points are summarized below:
1) Cosmic Space and Time Defined:
a) Space and time are universally defined at a cosmic level by the synchronous projection of primary
hydrogen atoms. External linear space is defined relative to the maximum internal spherical space of each
hydrogen atom in each space frame in each primary interval of time. Neutral hydrogen is the largest atom in
spherical volume.
b) The Primary Interval of Time is defined by zero angular momentum in the first hydrogen orbit. It is Tp=1.
519x10^-16 seconds. This is the duration of each space frame in classical units of time
c) The radius of the first orbit is the Bohr radius 5.29x10^-11 meters. The radius of the largest fully
coherent atom is defined by the orthogonal speed of light around the circumference in a primary interval of
time. It is the 12th hydrogen orbit. This is essential for the atom to be fully coherent and in communication with
itself. It is n^2 times the radius of the first orbit or 144x5.29x10^-11 = 7.62x10^-9 meters.
d) A primary interval of external space Sp is defined by the linear distance light can travel externally with
respect to each coherent atom in a primary interval of time. It is Sp=cTp = 2.998x10^8x1.519x10^-16 = 4.554
x10^-8 meters. Both space and time are quantized in this way. There is no other universal measuring rod out
there in space.
2) Galactic Level:
a) The collective stellar populations of each galaxy are in mutual angular motions with respect to all other
galaxies. The stellar populations of each spiral galaxy tend to revolve at a constant speed about a common
center. The stellar populations of elliptical galaxies tend to move in mutually consistent elliptical patterns about
a common center.
b) The tangential inertial momentum of stellar populations in each galaxy is offset by gravitational attraction
toward the center resulting in their angular motions about the center. The relative angular motions of galaxies
prevent their collective gravitational collapse in much the same way that a spinning top does not fall over.
Inertial momentum is distinct from gravitational acceleration consistent with Mach’s principle. This is
demonstrated by Foucault’s pendulum, the gyro compass and similar phenomena.
c) Gravitational attraction is implicit in the primary projection of atoms because the conjugate quantum
frames of each atom are integrated as one in the Void while each atom is separate in each space frame in the
same primary interval of time. Matter is unified as One and is also separate as Many at the same time. This
ambiguity between one and many seeks resolution through gravitational attraction frame sequence by frame
sequence. Gravity is not a force transmitted through space and time.
d) Gravitational acceleration toward the galactic center involves the skipping of external space frames at
the center with respect to the galactic periphery. It does not involve the skipping of internal atomic space
frames from which gravitational mass derives except at the limit of external space-time contraction near the
black hole center of each galaxy. Atoms remain preponderantly synchronous with the primary projection of
hydrogen on a cosmic scale. Their angular velocities are relatively constant with respect to the galactic center,
except in the accretion disc near the galactic center.
e) The relative skipping of external space frames at various galactic radii with respect to the center curves
the integrated fabric of external space-time. This gives each galaxy its own characteristic space-time profile.
Galaxies with higher rates of revolution have higher relative rates of stellar evolution and larger and more
active black holes at their centers. They have steeper external space-time profiles.
f) The relative linear migration of galaxies with respect to one another is constrained by the need for a
preponderance of synchronicity at a cosmic level. Higher relative migrations require higher angular motions
and steeper space-time curvature profiles.
g) The relative angular momentum of galaxies tends to prevent them from merging due to mutual
gravitational attraction depending upon how they are mutually aligned and their relative size. Their relative
patterns of migration are regulated according to their mutual alignment and their relative rates of angular
momentum. High relative momentum results in more active galactic nuclei.
h) When relative rates of stellar formation, migration and regeneration are not sufficient to compensate for
high relative rates of galactic rotation active galactic nuclei result with the axial ejection of material from their
black hole centers. The space-time curvature profile becomes too high to preserve preponderant synchronicity
on a cosmic level. The associated accumulation of conjugate quantum energy associated with the black hole in
these active galactic nuclei can be relieved through axial ejections of matter at very high relative velocities far
into space. This can act as a brake on the angular velocity of a galaxy to bring it back into line with
preponderant synchronicity.
3) Solar Level:
a) The curvature of the galactic space-time profile can be likened to the relatively flat shape of a vortex
until the space-time curvature becomes very steep near the center until it becomes a black hole in the
integrated fabric of space-time. The black hole consumes old dense stars and accumulates a corresponding
amount of quantized energy with gravitational effects. This can be periodically relieved by radial ejections of
primary hydrogen that provide feedstock for new generations of stars. It is the highly contracted space-time
profile near the center of a spiral galaxy that impels primary hydrogen radially outward into the spiral arms. The
more highly contracted space-time profile closer to the center is also instrumental in the contraction of giant
hydrogen clouds into patterns of stellar accretion.
b) The curved space-time profile of the integrated fabric of space-time is defined by the linear transmission
of light from the atomic processes within stars that revolve around galactic centers.
c) Ejections of primary hydrogen from galactic centers are periodic over many millions of years and are
attended by episodes of starburst activity. (2) Many starburst galaxies are observed with star formation rates
that can be hundreds of stars per year, in some cases enough to regenerate their stellar populations in a
billion years or less if the rate was sustained.
d) Solar systems accrete under the contraction pressures exerted by the space-time curvature profile of
the galaxy associated with gravity. The process is initiated by the galactic profile until gravitational contraction
of each stellar system takes on a life of its own. Thermonuclear ignition takes place in the central star when the
temperatures and gravitational contraction pressures at the solar center exceed critical limits. Hydrogen fusion
begins. If it is a second generation star there may be appreciable amounts of helium and small amounts of
heavier elements present.
e) Fusion processes in the centre of the star continue to be driven by gravitational contraction pressures
linked to but distinct from the rotational velocity of the star. Each star has a characteristic space-time
contraction profile that is distinct from the profile for the galaxy.
f) Gravity holds the star together, keeping it from flying apart due to its inertial angular momentum. Its
rotational inertial velocity necessarily results in space-frame skipping at the center of the star with respect to its
peripheral regions. This space-frame skipping must be accounted for to maintain the synchronicity of
gravitational mass on a cosmic level. This is compensated for by the nuclear fusion processes that contract
space-time at stellar centers.
g) Space frame skipping can also be translated into a force of retardation at the center with respect to the
periphery and the peripheral planets. If the combined effects of fusion processes and the quantum force of
retardation can not keep pace with a preponderance of synchronicity, rapidly rotating stars can eject matter
axially from their poles in an analogous manner to active galactic nuclei. This mechanism drives pulsars.
h) Space frame skipping at the stellar level represents an ongoing contraction pressure just as the angular
velocity of a galaxy maintains a relatively constant space-time curvature profile. The star system contraction of
internal space-time seeks a balance with the galactic external space-time curvature according to its relative
position and distance from the galactic center. The space-time profile of the galaxy will tend to regulate stellar
migration by quantum forces accordingly. The quantum forces are implicit in the synchronous projection of
matter, space frame by space frame. They do not act through space-time.
i) Fusion processes at stellar centers generate energy sufficient to strip most electrons leaving ionized
atoms of significantly contracted effective volumes. A higher degree of atomic packing can occur as a result.
This is resisted by radiation pressure and the associated energies of free electrons.
j) Neutrons generated by fusion processes provide a high degree of spatial contraction with a
corresponding high degree of nucleon packing. The neutron contraction ratio is more than 15 orders of
magnitude. Neutrons are a regenerative mode of a second order System 3 that complements the expressive
mode in fusion processes.
k) A portion of highly energized electrons and protons escape the sun in the solar wind that bathes the
planets out to the heliopause where the solar magnetosphere meets the interstellar medium.
4) Planetary Level:
a) The solar system as a whole has a space-time profile that is subsumed within the space-time profile of
the galaxy. The planets all revolve around the sun in the same direction and in roughly the same equatorial
plane. They are held in their orbits by gravitational acceleration toward the sun. This contracts external space-
time in a similar way that it does for a galaxy, except that the contraction relates to the sun at the center and
not to a black hole. This means that orbiting planets that accreted from the same swirling cloud of gas and dust
as the sun may also contribute to space-frame skipping that drives or regulates fusion processes in the sun.
b) Planets rotate on their axis and most have moons so there is a level of space-frame skipping at the
centers of planets with respect to their peripheries that defines another subsumed space-time profile at the
planetary level. This results in patterns of quantum forces in analogous ways that they regulate the migrations
of stars.
c) The focus in planets is on chemical synthesis and internal dynamical patterns that compensate for space-
frame skipping at the center with respect to the periphery. This results in dynamical surface patterns in planets
as well as in some moons that respond to internally generated quantum forces.
d) On Earth this fuels plate tectonics, ocean currents, atmospheric dynamics and it is also linked to
subsumed levels of biological evolution consistent with Systems 4 and higher.
e) There is a related effect on the Earth’s magnetosphere that reverses polarity every few hundred
thousand years.
5) Galactic Space-Time Profile:
a) There is evidence that the angular velocity of stars across most of our galactic radius is relatively
constant at about 230 kilometers per second regardless of their distance from the center. Their period of
revolution changes with distance from the center, not their velocity. This is consistent with the synchronous
projection of matter as prescribed by System 3. Stars migrate through the spiral arms that act somewhat like
traffic jam back ups.
b) In a discontinuous universe stars will necessarily have radial migrations such that they seek to balance
the contraction of external space-time with their accumulated internal contraction of space-time due to fusion
processes. Radial migration is driven frame by frame by quantum forces that derive from the need for a
preponderance of synchronicity. Space-time phenomena are synchronously coherent and appear seamless.
c) The quantum forces that determine radial migration rates and direction depend upon the accumulated
contraction ratio of the star as a whole over its lifetime of fusion processes at its center as compared to primary
hydrogen. If this internal contraction ratio has proceeded to a lesser extent than the contraction of external
space frames due to gravitational acceleration toward the galactic center then the star will tend to migrate
radially outward away from the galactic center. If the internal contraction ratio has proceeded to a greater
extent than the external contraction ratio of the galactic profile then the star will tend to migrate back inward
back toward the galactic center.
d) At some point in the life of a star a balance will be achieved between internal and external space-time
contraction. At this point the star may possess a degree of radial inertial momentum outward from the galactic
center but the quantum forces that regulates migration rate will tend to cease then reverse. This may account
for backups in the spiral arms. As fusion processes proceed further the star will eventually reverse direction
and migrate back toward the galactic center.
e) The ratio of external space frames skipped to those not skipped is a function of v/c where v is the
angular speed of the star around the galaxy and c is the speed of light. Since the angular stellar velocity is
known to be relatively constant at approximately 230 km/second, the ratio of external space frames skipped in
the galactic plane is 230/3x10^8=7.67x10^-6.
f) This requires younger stars that have accumulated a lesser contraction ratio as a result of fusion
processes to migrate radially outwards. Older stars that have accumulated a greater contraction ratio will
migrate back towards the center where relative external space frame skipping is greatest.
g) As old dense stars are drawn back to approach an accretion disc at the center the space-time profile
curves much more sharply until it reaches an event horizon. On a cosmic galactic scale this requires these
stars to accelerate without limit until they vanish from the synchronous projection of space-time. This
corresponds to a doubling of their conjugate quantum energy in the Void as indicated by the upper left hand
quadrant of the world box on historic coordinates in the article on Gravity and Quantum Relativity.
6) Solar Space-Time Profile:
a) Our sun constitutes 99% of the mass of the solar system but 98% of the angular momentum resides in
the planets. This is the opposite to what should have happened as the solar system accreted according to
traditional physics. Skaters spin faster as they pull their extended arms into their sides. The center should
rotate faster than the periphery.
b) The planets are comparatively great distances from the sun and are orbiting at higher velocities than the
rotation of the sun. Earth for example is about 149.6 million kilometers from the sun on average and has an
orbital velocity of 29.8 km/sec. This is much higher than the rotational velocity of the sun at its equator, even
though there is much less mass involved. The equator of the sun also rotates every 25 days while the poles
through its center rotate slower at about 35 days.
c) The following lists the distance from the sun in millions of kilometers, the inverse mass ratio to the solar
mass and the orbital velocity of each of the planets:
- • Mercury 57.9 million km. 5,972,000 47.89 km/sec
• Venus 108.2 “ “ 408,520 35.3 “
• Earth 149.6 “ “ 328,900 29.8 “
• Mars 227.9 “ “ 3,098,710 24.13 “
• Jupiter 778.3 “ “ 1,047 13.06 “
• Saturn 1,427 “ “ 3,498 9.64 “
• Uranus 2,870 “ “ 22,759 6.81 “
• Neptune 4,496 “ “ 19,332 5.43 “
invest the planets with most of the angular momentum even though the sun is over a hundred times larger than
all the planets combined. Gravity holds the planets in orbit and contracts or curves the fabric of external space
in dynamic patterns accordingly. Nevertheless any effect of the planets on fusion processes in the sun’s center
is small and may be neglected for our purposes. This is a fair assumption since fusion processes are
dependent on gravitational contraction associated with solar size irrespective of orbiting planets.
e) We can assume that it is the sun revolving on its own axis that contracts space-frames associated with
fusion processes. We can also assume consistent with Mach’s principle that the inertial rotational velocity of the
sun is distinct from its gravitational mass.
f) To arrive at approximate limiting values we can assume that the velocity of the solar equator determines
the outer limit of the inner solar space-time profile.
g) The equator rotates in 25 days. The sun is about 1.4 million kilometers in diameter so the equator has
an angular velocity of 1.4x10^6 times pi / 25x24x3600= 2.03 kilometers per second approximately. This
represents a rate of space frame skipping at the center of v/c=2.03/3.0 x 10^8, or 6.77 x 10^-9. This skipping
rate is continual and thus represents a continual curvature gradient that alters only as the sun evolves over
very long periods of time.
7) Nuclear Fusion and Stellar Space-time Contraction:
a) According to current astrophysical theories fusion processes proceed in stages as hydrogen fuel is
consumed and progressively heavier elements are employed as fuel up to iron. As the star contracts in stages
it generates more heat from the gravitational contraction. This proceeds with the fused products of a prior
stage acting as fuel for each succeeding stage until the end product of fusion in a star like our sun is iron. The
star then shrinks to a white dwarf and cools over time to a dense inactive black dwarf. Stars that are more than
a few times larger than our sun go through their life cycles faster and end in a supernova that produces the
heavier elements up to uranium. They leave a super-dense neutron star or in some cases perhaps a black
hole at their center.
b) The space-time contraction can be computed at various stages in a star’s life according to estimated
percentages of various elements. To make it easy and still demonstrate a principle the contraction ratios of
only six typical elements in the fusion stages will be considered, namely Helium 4He, Carbon 12C, Neon 20Ne,
Magnesium 24Mg, Sulfur 32S, and Iron 56Fe.
c) The contraction ratios can be computed as follows assuming that atoms above helium near the center of
the sun are stripped of their electrons down to the first obit. The effective volume of the atom is the volume of
the first orbit, which is proportional to the inverse of the atomic number cubed times the volume of the first orbit
of hydrogen. The atomic number is the number of electrons in a neutral atom. Dividing by the atomic weight,
taken as the number of nucleons of unit weight 1, gives the contraction density as a ratio to primary hydrogen.
Since neutrons contract space by a very large factor with respect to the primary hydrogen atom we can double
the atomic number for computing contraction ratios for these typical elements. Since we are computing the ratio
of contraction with respect to hydrogen taken as 1, the actual volume is not significant.
- • Contraction ratio= (1/2Z)3/atomic weight, where Z is the atomic number. This reduces to (1/2Z)4 for
the elements selected except for iron.
• Ratio for Helium = (1/4)4 =3.91x10^-3
• Ratio for Carbon = (1/12)4= 4.82x10^-5
• Ratio for Neon = (1/20)4= 6.25x10^-6
• Ratio for Magnesium = (1/24)4 = 3.01x10^-6
• Ratio for Sulfur = (1/32)4 = 9.54x10^-7
• Ratio for Iron = (1/52)3/56 = 1.27x10^-7
radius of the first hydrogen orbit is 5.3x 10^-11 meters. The volume of the first orbit is 6.24x10^-29 cubic
meters. By comparison the volume of a neutron or proton is about 7.24x10^-45 cubic meters or about 8.62
x10^15 times smaller. There is lots of room for spatial contraction.
8) Some Typical Stellar Contractions with Age:
a) By assuming different stellar compositions at successive stages in the life of a typical star like our sun
the total contraction of space-time in the star can be compared with the galactic space-time profile. This can tell
us whether there is a tendency for the star to migrate outwards toward the periphery or back inwards towards
the center.
b) Our sun is currently estimated to consist of 75% hydrogen, 23 % helium and about 2% heavier elements,
which shall be assumed to be carbon, to keep things easy.
c) Helium has a contraction ratio of 3.93x10^-3. This means that the volume of 1/3.91x10^-3 = 256
hydrogen atoms have been contracted into the effective volume of each atom of helium. Since 23 % of the sun
is helium this represents a percentage contraction ratio of 23x256= 5,888 hydrogen atom equivalents.
d) Carbon has a contraction ratio of 4.82x10^-5 or 20,750 hydrogen atom equivalents. Taking 2% of the
sun to be carbon this represents a percentage contraction ratio of 41,500 hydrogen atom equivalents.
e) This means that a total of 75+5,888+41,500 = 47,463 hydrogen atom equivalents are contracted into the
volume of 100 atoms percentage ratio. There is a gross contraction ratio in our star of 100/47,463= 2.1x10^-3.
f) Comparing this contraction ratio with that for the galaxy in point 5(e) above we see that the atomic
contraction ratio in the sun is less than that for the external space-time profile of the galaxy which is 7.67x10^-6.
This discrepancy between the internal atomic contraction of spherical space-time and the external linear
contraction of space-time in the galaxy results in a quantum force that impels the sun radially outward space
frame by space frame. It means there is a higher relative skipping of external space-frames at that point in the
galactic radius. But there is a complementary higher relative accumulation of atomic quantum frames
associated with the sun that can be translated into a quantum force that acts against the gravitational attraction
toward the black hole center.
g) We can assume a different atomic composition for a more mature star that has used up most of its
hydrogen fuel. To demonstrate a principle let us arbitrarily say that it is 20% hydrogen, 25% helium, 20%
carbon, 12% neon, 10% magnesium, 9% sulfur and 4% iron. The equivalent hydrogen atoms will be the
reciprocal contraction ratio times the percentage composition as follows:
- • Hydrogen = 1/1x20 = 20
• Helium = 1/3.91x10^-3 x 25 = 6,394
• Carbon = 1/4.82x10^-5 x 20 = 414,938
• Neon = 1/6.25x10^-6 x 12 = 1,920,000
• Magnesium = 1/3.01x10^-6 x10 = 3,322,259
• Sulfur = 1/9.54x10^-7 x 9 = 9,433,962
• Iron = 1/1.27x10^-7 x 4 = 31,496,063
i) The gross accumulated contraction ratio is 100/46,593,636 = 2.14x10^-6 which is more than the external
contraction of galactic space-time in 5(e) above. There is thus a resultant quantum force acting to reverse the
radial migration back toward the galactic center space frame by space frame. Although the chosen percentage
components of the star are purely arbitrary, stars achieve higher concentrations of heavier elements later in
their life cycles. The example serves to demonstrate that the gross internal contraction ratios of old stars,
especially black dwarfs and neutron stars, can easily exceed the external contraction of space-time in the
galactic space-time profile.
j) These simple calculations show that galaxies can eternally regenerate their own stellar populations in a
discontinuous universe. This process of reflux and regeneration can vary widely from galaxy to galaxy
depending on galactic type, relative orientations and angular momentum. It will be said that each galaxy has a
characteristic reflux rate that is dependent upon these factors.
The Red Shift & Distant Galactic Phenomena:
Active centers are a common feature of distant galaxies, to such an extent that theorists are hard pressed to
suggest a mechanism behind the prodigious outpouring of energy from Quasars, BL Lacs, and Seyfert
galaxies. The accumulated skipped frame sequences associated with differing reflux rates between our galaxy
and others separated by great spans of space-time offers an explanation. (3)
The history of comparative rates of galactic reflux must be reconciled with the timeless conjugate Void that
spans and integrates the history of change. The accumulated relative space frame skipping from our local
perspective of more active distant galaxies becomes contracted in our space-time frame of reference. This
happens through the agency of the Void since we remain timelessly synchronous with the distant galaxy
despite the history of change as perceived across the reaches of space and time. Comparatively high reflux
rates may in any case be expected to produce more active galactic centers, to which must be added this
conjugate observational effect over great spans of space and time.
As burned out stellar corpses are reaped at high velocity in an accretion disc around a central black hole they
ultimately disappear as their velocity approaches that of light. As demonstrated by System 3 this is not a
situation of infinite regression and another Zeno’s paradox. Events are quantized. The end result is the
complete consumption of the star beyond the event horizon of the black hole. This stellar demise is also the
regeneration of the primary activity that projects atomic hydrogen from which new generations of stars are born.
In conjunction with the reflux of its material content there is a need to reconcile the emission of energy from a
distant galaxy with the fact that the stars that radiate it are being recycled. Much of the light from a galaxy four
billion light years away was emitted by stars that have ceased to exist, being replaced by waves of new
generations since our solar system was born. Many of the stars have ceased to shine in the interim that it takes
their light to reach us, while others have been born and grown old. These space-time facts must be reconciled
with the conjugate Void that timelessly integrates the history of change.
The stellar energies transmitted are themselves phenomena in reflux, spanning the limits of space and time. A
shift toward lower frequencies and longer wavelengths signifies that the light energy itself is being refluxed
cycle by cycle, in concert with the material reflux of the galactic stellar sources from which it sprang, space
frame by space frame. It is being recycled along with the stellar source from which it came.
This explanation of red shift is consistent with the evidence of distant active galaxies. The accumulated
integration of skipped frame sequences, as this relates to the transmission of electromagnetic energy, has the
effect of concentrating the apparent energy emissions of distant active galaxies. This concentration proceeds
to the limits that accelerated reflux rates with respect to our galaxy allows. The light is at the same time red
shifted and intensified.
There is a complementary side to the reflux explanation of red shift as it relates to the source. If the galaxy is
four billion light years away, we are seeing it as it was at a time when our solar system had just consolidated.
Our planet was still being heavily bombarded by the accretion process but was cooling to the point where it
could soon support bacterial life. As the galactic images sped through the interim period the solar system
paraded around the Milky Way some twenty times, while life evolved up through the plants, the invertebrates,
and the vertebrates to man. The evolutionary process has involved the historic integration of experience
through these four successive major tiers, developing metabolism, mobility, sentient awareness and creative
intelligence, all in synchronous patterns with the whole cosmos, albeit peculiar to our local circumstance.
As we struggle toward maturity in the process we have learned to create telescopes sufficiently powerful to look
back through time and space to question our origins and our ultimate destiny. Yet each human being
incorporates the evolutionary history of the planet. We are the integration of time and space. We span space-
time and integrate history. In an evolutionary sense this eye that looks through the telescope is as old as the
image it sees. But the eye has become synchronized in a hierarchy of self-similar patterns that have evolved
over time and space in ways distinct from the history of the ancient light which spans our development.
A variety of effects may be possible due to differing reflux rates between the Milky Way and remote galaxies. If
reflux rates are comparatively high, a remote galaxy may appear to be intensely more active than it is, as noted
above. If they are comparatively low, it may appear to be dissipating and more fragmentary than it is or was. (4)
Likewise our galaxy may appear to be active or quiescent to a distant observer, depending on our comparative
reflux rates. (5)
Different patterns may be possible with elliptical, spiral, bar spiral, and irregular galaxies, and they may vary
over long periods. This interpretation of red shift offers a variety of possibilities to explore and the methodology
to scientifically explore them. The advantage of System 3 is that the evidence converges on a single
explanation. Otherwise conflicting interpretations are arbitrarily inconclusive forever.
The Background Radiation:
The discovery of the background radiation by Penzias and Wilson in 1964 has been promoted as virtual proof
of a big bang origin to the universe, a theory that until then hung precariously on the Doppler red shift of
distant galaxies as the only direct evidence. At a blackbody temperature of 3.00 K, the radiation has a
wavelength of about 0.0967 centimeters at the maximum energy density of the Planck distribution. This
corresponds to a frequency of about 3.10 x 10^11 Hz.
From the standpoint of the System we are not faced with a universe of matter unfolding from infinite density as
it expands in concert with a space-time continuum. Rather matter is in synchronous equilibrium with quantum
energy as it defines the nature of space and time through the perpetual reflux and reintegration of history. In a
synchronous universe there is a combination of factors that can contribute to the background radiation. These
factors are connected to the synchronous generation of the cosmic movie itself.
The primary interval of time is 1.519x10^-16 which corresponds to a frequency of synchronous primary
hydrogen projection of 6.58x10^15 Hz. As we have seen above, this primary projection rate of space-time
associated with the hydrogen atom becomes contracted by a hierarchy of relative motions cascading down
from the galactic level through the solar level to the planetary level, which in turn subsumes the higher Systems
associated with biological evolution. Each level has its own distinctive patterns of space-time contraction that
must be reconciled with a preponderance of synchronicity in the universe as a whole on a cosmic scale.
The contraction ratio of external space-time in the Milky Way is estimated at approximately 7.67x10^-6. The
accumulated contraction ratio due to nuclear synthesis within our sun is estimated at approximately 2.1x10^-3.
There is also a contraction ratio associated with the revolution of the earth and other planets around the sun
and a contraction ratio associated with the rotation of the earth together with the revolution of the moon. Radial
stellar migration rates due to quantum forces also come into the equation. These interdependent factors tend
to compensate for one another to maintain a preponderance of synchronicity on a cosmic scale. This suggests
that the background radiation simply represents the resultant preponderant synchronicity rate. (6)
Concluding Remarks:
Galaxies are stellar communities with populations that are born and die like any community but there is no
compelling reason to believe that any specific galaxy ever had a birth or will face an ultimate death. Galaxies
may evolve, exchange material via axial ejections, grow from scattered or fragmentary populations, migrate and
merge but there is no compelling reason to believe that this whole incredible universe ever had a birth in an
assumed spacetime continuum that expanded from virtually nothing, or that it will ever face an ultimate demise.
The Big Bang hypothesis is based on the presumption that such a thing as an a priori spacetime continuum
exists. Where then are the universal measuring rods of space and time? It is a contradiction in terms to derive
them from measurements in this physical creation to explain an origin to creation. Einstein himself questioned
the continuum basis of his own theories late in life. (7) The continuum is an unsubstantiated belief. There is no
evidence whatever that such a thing exists as an independent entity with curvatures conditioned by
concentrations of gravitational mass embedded in it.
There is only one fully consistent alternative to the a priori spacetime continuum hypothesis. The universe is
discontinuous and synchronous at the atomic level. Atoms themselves define space and time. Space and time
are a posteriori to creation. They are derived from measurements after the fact. The creative process is eternal
and in intimate communication with itself through conjugate quantum influences. These quantum effects are
operative on hierarchical levels that permeate the cosmos.
In summation, if we carefully consider all of the evidence reviewed thus far, it seems clear that the early
development and consolidation of quantum theory was very much in accord with System 3. This requires an
altogether different cosmological perspective than the one which has developed. Time and again the main
contributors to the theory came within a hair’s breadth of actually stating that the entire physical universe is
discontinuous and synchronous, including Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Born, de Broglie, Shrödinger, even
Einstein with his quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect. They all in effect made this assumption
without actually going so far as to state it in so many words. By taking that one small step we find ourselves with
the same hand of cards in a very different game.
REFERENCES AND NOTES:
- The mathematical treatment of the development of atomic theory and quantum mechanics is developed
in my book Science & Cosmic Order: A New Prospectus. This includes Louis de Broglie's derivation of
his wave equation of matter. - Evidence for the periodic emission of giant hydrogen clouds moving radially outward was summarized by
Bok, Bart J., The Milky Way Galaxy, Scientific American, 244, 3; 92, March, 1981. - Not all physicists are convinced that galactic red shifts are caused by increasing recessional velocity with
distance or that quasars are near the observable limits of the universe. Halton Arp of the Max Planck
Institute for Astrophysics in Germany contended for many years that quasars are companions of active
galaxies that are much closer to us, despite their high red shifts. Schilling, G., Quasar Pairs: A Red Shift
Puzzle?, reporting in Science, 274, 1305, 1996. - The Hubble telescope has provided images of what appear to be fragments of galaxies with a red shift of
2.4 corresponding to a distance of 12 billion light years (depending on the Hubble constant that you
use). Some theorists are quick to suggest that these are building blocks of galaxies shortly after the big
bang, others dissenting. James Glanz, Galactic Building Blocks Found? reporting in Science, 271, 756,
1996. - Most theories of how galaxies formed after the big bang suggest that they started out small, however a
group of Caltech researchers (Lu, Wallace, Sargent, Womble and Bartlow) reported in the January 1996
issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters that they identified what appears to be a gas-rich spiral galaxy
about the size of the Milky Way with a red shift of 4.4. This places it at the edge of the universe right
after the big bang, before large spiral galaxies were supposed to be around. Tim Appenzeller, A Familiar
Face for a Distant Galaxy? reporting in Science, 271, 1996. - Some evidence for this was presented by the astrophysicist Gerrit L. Verschuur. He found a good
degree of direct correlation between neutral hydrogen clouds in our galaxy with peaks in the Wilkinsin
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) that sought to detect galactic seeds in the early universe by
scanning the microwave background in an area of sky. Verschuur G. L., High Galactic Latitude
Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen Structure and Associated (WMAP) High Frequency Continuum Emission,
Astrophysical Journal, July 23, 2007. - In a letter to a friend in 1954, the year before he died, Einstein wrote: “I consider it quite possible that
physics cannot be based on the field concept, that is, on continuous structures. Then nothing remains of
my entire castle in the sky, including the theory of gravitation, but also nothing of the rest of modern
physics.”
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| CHAPTER VI From Science & Cosmic Order: A New Prospectus Book 1 revised COSMOLOGY & SYSTEM 3 |
Robert Campbell 2008